Special Features, Alpha Phi Omega Global Community Outposts

Dream the dream

Catch the Vision

Win the Future

“Roc N Rol is Regime of Christ and Rule of Law which is our covenant with God and each other as provided in the Preamble of our Constitution, that as we, the sovereign Filipino people imploring the aid of the Almighty God in order to build a just and human society xxx under the rule of law and regime of truth, justice, freedom ,love, equality and peace xxx. Truth, justice and others are the traits of Christ hence, Regime of Christ and Rule of Law.”

atty. eduardo V bringas, CDS

dream the dream, catch the vision, win the future

let us roc n rol

By: Atty. Eduardo V. Bringas, CDS

In the Old Testament’s Book of Joel verses 2:28, it is written: “And afterward, I will pour out my Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your old men will dream dreams, your young men will see visions.” This was repeated in the New Testament’s Book of Acts 2:17, thus: “In the last days, God says, I will pour out my Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your young men will see visions, your old men will dream dreams.”

THE DREAM

Our Constitution is the fundamental law upon which all other laws and acts of government must conform. It begins with the preamble, to wit:

“We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.”

Thus, the framers of our Constitution i.e., our old men and women, dreamt that we will build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy.

CATCH THE VISION

In 2015, the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) commissioned a survey for a long-term visioning process of what will be the life for all Filipinos in the future. More than 300 citizens participated in focus group discussions and close to 10,000 answered the national survey. Technical studies were prepared to identify strategic options for realizing the vision articulated by citizens. The exercise benefitted from the guidance of an Advisory Committee composed of government, private sector, academe, and civil society.^[1] Those who participated in the survey and focus group discussion were our young men and women.

On June 20, 2016, the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) through a public forum held at Xavier University’s SEARSOLIN, Cagayan de Oro City revealed the results of its nationwide study on the aspirations, values and principles of Filipino people dubbed ‘AmBisyon Natin 2040.’^[2]

AmBisyon Natin 2040 represents the collective long-term vision and aspirations of the Filipino people for themselves and for the country in the next 25 years (i.e., based on 2015 survey). It describes the kind of life that people want to live, and how the country will be by 2040. As such, it is an anchor for development planning across at least four administrations. It is a picture of the future, a set of life goals and goals for the country. It is different from a plan, which defines the strategies to achieve the goals. It is like a destination that answers the question “Where do we want to be?”. A plan describes the way to get to the destination; AmBisyon Natin 2040 is the vision that guides the future and is the anchor of the country’s plans.^[3]

The vision of life for all Filipinos is describe in three words: “Matatag, Maginhawa at Panatag” na Buhay. Thus, by 2040, Filipinos enjoy a strongly rooted, comfortable, and secure life. In 2040, we will all enjoy a stable and comfortable lifestyle, secure in the knowledge that we have enough for our daily needs and unexpected expenses, that we can plan and prepare for our own and our children’s future. Our family lives together in a place of our own, and we have the freedom to go where we desire, as protected and enabled by a clean, efficient, and fair government.

The vision of a strongly rooted, comfortable, and secure life for Filipinos are briefly explained as (a) MATATAG – Strongly rooted: Filipino families live together; there is work-life balance so that there is time to spend with family even for members who work. On weekends, families and friends enjoy time together is parks and recreational centers. It is a high-trust society with strong sense of community. There are volunteer opportunities, and Filipinos spend time to serve the community, help others who are in need, and contribute to various causes. (b) MAGINHAWA – Filipinos are comfortable: No one is poor, no one is ever hungry. Filipino families live in comfortable homes with the desired amenities and secure tenure. Families and friends are within reach because transport is convenient and affordable, and they can take a vacation together within the country and abroad. Children receive quality education so that they realize their full potentials and become productive members of society. Decent jobs that bring sustainable income are available, including opportunities for entrepreneurship, and (c) PANATAG – Filipinos are secure: Filipinos feel secure over their entire lifetime. They expect to live long and enjoy a comfortable life upon retirement. There are resources to cover unexpected expenses, and there are savings. They feel safe in all places in the country. Filipinos trust their government because it is free of corruption and provides service to all its citizens equally.^[4]

To realize the vision, all sectors of society, whether public or private, should direct their efforts towards creating opportunities for Filipinos to enjoy a matatag, maginhawa at panatag na buhay. Government, in particular, must use its tools of fiscal, monetary and regulatory policies to steer the development path towards enabling Filipinos to attain their AmBisyon. This pertains to all dimensions of development: economic, human and physical capital, institutional, social and cultural.^[5]

Economic growth must be relevant, inclusive and sustainable. Over the next 25 years (until 2040), per capita income must increase by at least three-fold. More than the increase in income, economic growth must progressively improve the quality of life of the majority of Filipinos.^[6]

Furthermore, to achieve a strongly rooted, comfortable and secure life for Filipinos, the following industries/sectors must be able to meet the quality and demand. Thus, (a) Housing and Urban Development -Construction, construction-related manufacturing, house development-related manufacturing, and utilities (electricity, gas, and water); (b) Manufacturing -Food processing, housing-related, construction-related, transport manufacturing, and other manufacturing; (c) Connectivity – Roads and bridges, port, airports, vehicles, transport systems, and communication; (d) Education Services – Formal education and re-tooling services; (e) Tourism and Allied Services – Resort, rest-recreation hotels,
accommodation, travel and tour, cultural shows, heritage sites, etc.; (f) Agriculture – Food production, commercial and industrial crop, agricultural biotechnology, etc.; and (g) Health and Wellness Services -Primary, secondary, and tertiary care, pharmaceuticals, wellness facilities, sports and fitness facilities, etc.^[7]

Government must also ensure that economic growth is broad-based across sectors and regions; it must result in a more equal income distribution. Moreover, there should be aggressive interventions to increase opportunities for the poor to participate in the growth process even as they are protected against the negative impact of economic and political instabilities, natural and man-made calamities. Poverty must be eradicated by 2040, if not earlier.^[8]

It must also be recognized that certain individuals cannot immediately participate in the growth process. For infants and children, there is the requisite care, guidance, health, and education services until they become mature enough. It is important that parents and families should be able to provide these, although government should stand ready to fill the gap. A major intervention, therefore, is for parents to adequately prepare for having a family.^[9]

III. WIN THE FUTURE

THE 2017-2022 PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (PDP)

2017-2022 PDP

The PDP 2017-2022 is the first medium-term plan to be anchored on the 0-10 point Socioeconomic Agenda and is geared towards the AmBisyon Natin 2040 which articulates the Filipino people’s collective vision of a MATATAG, MAGINHAWA, AT PANATAG NA BUHAY PARA SA LAHAT. It also takes into account the country’s international commitments such as the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.^[10]

President Duterte’s policy of fiscal prudence and his push for tax reforms enabled us to achieve the highest revenue-to-GDP ratio of 16.1 percent, and the lowest debt-to-GDP ratio of 39.6 percent in 2019. We earned an unprecedented upgrade in our credit rating, which granted us access to more funding sources for our priority programs at concessional rates and favorable terms. These allowed us to sustainably fund the Build, Build, Build program and provide more and better social services for the people. As a result, both the unemployment and underemployment rates also fell to historic low levels. In other words, we had realized better economic outcomes for the Filipino people. Earlier in 2018, we achieved a record low poverty rate of 16.7 percent of the population, achieving our target of lifting some six million Filipinos out of poverty four years ahead of schedule. If not for the COVID-19 pandemic, we would have become an upper-middle income country at the end of 2020, two years ahead of our 2022 target.^[11]

UPDATED 2017-2022 PDP

During the pandemic, the IATF divided the government machinery into three main clusters to address the outbreak, ensure steady flow of supplies and prepare for the “new normal”. Thus, while government frontliners were busy with their efforts to address the crisis, a sub-cluster headed by NEDA were busy readjusting the projected deliverables. These data were used, among others, to update the 2017-2022 PDP. Thus, the updated 2017-2022 PDP remains anchored on the government’s zero to ten-point socioeconomic agenda and geared towards the achievement of our long-term vision: Isang matatag, maginhawa, at panatag na buhay para sa lahat. In addition, the Updated PDP responds to the emergence of new threats to the country’s growth prospects and guides the transition towards economic recovery.

Among the agencies tasked to ensure fulfillment of the goals and strategies adopted in the updated 2017-2022 PDP and beyond is the Anti-Red Tape Authority (ARTA). Thus, to ensure a responsive, people centered, technology enabled clean governance, through a seamless service delivery, government will expedite implementation of the EODB and EGSD Act. Implementation of the law must cover the: (a) issuance and extension of validity of permits and licenses; (b) reduction in the number of signatories and requirements; and (c) use of online filing and payment platforms of government agencies. As much as possible, government procedures and processes will be automated through either full migration to online systems or utilization of a common platform such as the National Government Portal (NGP). This platform will also include a standard, full suite of common government processes (i.e., human resource management and procurement) to minimize duplication of efforts by various agencies. The ARTA will be fully operationalized and agencies will be trained to identify transaction complexity of government procedures for appropriate response times.^[12]

Several measures to strengthen of economic zones development program have been proposed among which is the New Normal policy to adopt digitalization with the view of harmonizing and streamlining permitting requirements of exporters and importers pursuant to the implementation of the EODB-EGSD Act, as enforced by the Anti-Red Tape Authority (ARTA), and establish an inter-agency committee to strengthen coordination among IPAs, including the establishment of a one-stop shop to respond to all concerns regarding ecozone development, investment requirements, and applicable incentives, among others.^[13]

To fast-track economic recovery, several strategies are put in place among which is to expand access to economic opportunities in I&S for startups, MSMEs and Cooperatives by improving the business climate, especially by creating a startup-friendly environment. The government will enhance business incubation support and accelerate services for startups, lessen administrative burdens and complexity of regulatory procedures for startups, and reduce, if not eliminate, the regulatory protection of incumbents (see Chapter 16). Further, national and local governments will speed up streamlining of agency processes and requirements for business registrations and permit issuances 4 and will be streamlined through digital platforms (see also Chapters 5 and 9A). A one-stop-shop for startups and a startup green lane with Anti-Red Tape Authority (ARTA) will be created.^[14]

In addition, the continued implementation of EODB law which mandates the streamlining of local government unit (LGU) processes and requirements for registration and securing business permits of barangay micro business enterprises (BMBEs) targeting informal sector operators. Streamlining LGU processes for BMBE registration and business permits will facilitate the transition of micro and small enterprises to the formal economy and will broaden their access to tap formal financing channels. Instituting a report and feedback system on the LGUs’ non-compliance in these areas can be considered under the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) or the ARTA’s monitoring as part of efforts to improve the LGUs business environment (see also Chapter 16).^[15]

As regards housing, there is a need to implement a unified seamless digitalized housing development transactions processing for homebuyers and developers. This shall include review of procedures to streamline and digitalize the issuance of housing-related licenses, clearances, and permits in light of COVID-19. Housing one-stop processing centers will be established in every region to fast-track processing of housing-related permits, clearances, and licenses issued by the NGAs and LGUs. The aim is to further streamline the 78 government-related transactions that take about 48 months, on average, in compliant with the Ease of Doing Business and Efficient Government Service Delivery (EODB-EGSD) Act of 2018 (RA 11032) and the Anti Red Tape Act (ARTA) of 2007 (RA 9485).^[16]

As the Deputy Director General assigned to ARTA’s Program NEHEMIA (National Effort for the Harmonization of Efficient Measures of Inter-related Agencies) regarding the streamlining of the housing sector, a draft joint-memorandum circular was already being routed for signature of all agencies involved.

To improve market efficiency, the strategy is to institutionalize the use of the Competition Assessment Manual/Toolkit. The PCC will adopt the Competition Assessment Manual/Toolkit in identifying and reviewing potentially anti-competitive laws and regulations that address several development objectives but have unwarranted consequences on market competition. This manual/toolkit will be a capacity-building tool for government agencies to enhance their understanding of pro-competition interventions. It will enable government agencies to determine the impact of these laws and regulations on market competition, and possibly develop alternative regulations that are able to achieve development goals with the least harm to competition. To ensure improvement of the quality of regulations, the principles and steps under the manual/toolkit will be integrated into the Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) manual being formulated by the Anti-Red Tape Authority (ARTA)^[17]

Another strategy is to reduce the limits to entrepreneurship. This is achieved by Streamlining business registration and permitting processes. To minimize the number of transactions and physical contact with various government agencies during business registration and submission of business-related requirements, the ARTA will continue to promote the establishment and implementation of one-stop shops and adoption of online registration system across the government. The ARTA will continue to coordinate with the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) and monitor the development and implementation of the Central Business Portal (CBP), as mandated by the Ease of Doing Business and Efficient Government Service Delivery (EODB-EGSD) Act of 2018. The CBP will facilitate faster and more convenient ways of registering, as well as securing and submitting other businessrelated permits. It will promote interconnectivity, integration, and linkage of the systems developed by the national government agencies (NGAs) and the local government units (LGUs). The ARTA will be strengthened in terms of regulatory management practices to include reducing unnecessary regulatory burdens and requirements. To achieve this, the ARTA will continue coordinating with relevant government agencies for the implementation of Program NEHEMIA (National Effort for the Harmonization of Efficient Measures of Inter-related Agencies), which commenced in the first quarter of 2020. NEHEMIA is an interagency program that aims to streamline and reengineer inter-agency processes affecting priority sectors of economic and social significance. The priority sectors for the 2020 cycle of Program NEHEMIA are: (a) food and pharmaceuticals, (b) telecommunication towers, (c) power/energy, (d) housing and construction, and (e) logistics.^[18]

Reducing the limits to entrepreneurship shall likewise be achieved by establishing the Philippine Business Databank (PBD). The PBD will be established pursuant to the EODB-EGSD Act to provide the government a single point of access to data and information of registered business entities to verify their existence, validity, and other relevant information. It will include the Philippine Standard Industrial Classification, a detailed classification of industries prevailing in the country according to the kind of productive activities undertaken by establishments. With this in place, the PBD will serve as a medium in implementing a more streamlined and uniform procedure for the issuance of business-related licenses, clearances, permits, certifications, or authorizations. It will facilitate online submission of documentary requirements and processing of requests. This arrangement will facilitate ease of doing business, enticing more firms to participate in the market at the local level. It also enhances the zero-contact policy, curbing corruption, and ensuring public health and safety in view of the COVID-19 pandemic.^[19]

PBBM’S 8 POINT SOCIO-ECONOMIC AGENDA

President Ferdinand Marcos, Jr.’s speech before the United Nations General Assembly mentioned about our national ambition, thus: “With steady investment in food, public health, education, and other social services, we expect to become a moderately prosperous country by 2040. I am confident that we will achieve this vision.”

Immediately after the President’s SONA, his economic team, through Budget Secretary Diokno unveiled an eight-point agenda aimed at achieving his administration’s goals of bringing down the poverty rate to a single-digit and elevating the country’s status as an upper-middle income economy. “The Marcos administration will implement a comprehensive eight-point socioeconomic agenda to decisively respond to these risks and steer the economy back to its high growth trajectory,” the Finance chief said.[20]

The eight-point agenda are as follows:

Protect purchasing power and mitigate socioeconomic scarring by ensuring food security, reducing transport and logistics costs, and reduce energy costs to families;
Reduce vulnerability and mitigate scarring from the COVID-19 pandemic by tackling health, strengthening social protections, and addressing learning losses;
Ensure sound macroeconomic fundamentals by enhancing bureaucratic efficiency and sound fiscal management and ensuring a resilient and innovative financial sector;
Create more jobs by promoting trade and investments, improving infrastructure, and achieving energy security;
Create quality jobs by increasing employability, encouraging research and development and innovation, enhancing digital economy;
Create green jobs by pursuing green economy and establishing livable and sustainable communities;
Uphold public order and safety, peace, and security; and
Ensure a level playing field by strengthening market competition and reducing barriers to entry and limits to entrepreneurship.

“These interventions will enable us to cut poverty incidence to 9% by 2028 and elevate the country to upper-middle income status. We will do all of these while exercising fiscal discipline,” Diokno said.

“The economic team is committed to implementing a medium-term fiscal framework. This serves as our blue print to reduce fiscal deficit, promote fiscal sustainability, and enable robust economic growth,” he added.

“In the near term, the plan seeks to address the immediate challenges confronting the Filipino people—rising prices, scarring from the COVID-19 pandemic, and ensuring sound macroeconomic fundamentals,” Diokno said.

“Over the medium term, the goal is to create more jobs. Not just ordinary jobs but quality jobs and green jobs. We will achieve this goal through higher investments in infrastructure, human development, and digitalization,” he said.

Earlier, the President said his administration will bring down poverty to 9% by the end of his six-year term and bring the Philippines to “upper-middle income status by 2024” with “at least $4,256 income per capita.”

Undoubtedly, the 8 point socio-economic agenda has been formulated because the current administration caught the vision. It is therefore intended to win the future i.e., to achieve our vision in 2040.

LET’S ROC N ROL

“Unless the LORD builds the house, the builders labor in vain. Unless the LORD watches over the city, the guards stand watch in vain. In vain you rise early and stay up late, toiling for food to eat— for HE grants sleep to those HE loves.” Psalm 127:1-2

We began with the dream as embodied in the Preamble of our 1987 Constitution. What led to the framing and ratification of our Constitution was the 1986 EDSA revolution. The revolution later dubbed or should I say mislabeled as “People Power” was perhaps the only moment in recent history where the love of GOD was made manifest through the collective faith of the Filipino people. It was the fulfillment of CHRIST’s teaching to love one another as HE has loved us. What happened thereafter is a different story. Nonetheless, many praised what the Filipino people, by GOD’s grace, had accomplished. People from other nations attempted to emulate the EDSA revolution, but failed.

It’s been 36 years, yet we have not gone far from where we tried to take off. Perhaps what keeps us from leaving behind the old socio-economic and political lifestyle and moving closer to our national aspiration for a just, prosperous, peaceful and humane society is the wrong notion of ascribing the success in EDSA with the power of the people. By so doing, we perhaps unconsciously forgot our declaration of faith as Filipino citizens to implore the aid of the Almighty GOD and our duty to live under the regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, peace, and the rule of law.

EDSA is a sui generis simply because we, the sovereign Filipino people are a class of our own. What made us different from other nations who tried the “People Power” is the fact that we prayed by faith and the LORD granted our desire for a peaceful change in leadership. We gave them the wrong notion that people power was the cause of our so called peaceful revolution. The word “revolution” connotes violence. Thus, the words “peaceful” and “revolution” may appear to be a contradiction in terms but the truth is, GOD makes possible what to man seems impossible.

The truth of the matter is that the so called EDSA revolution, like the “people power” is also a misnomer. What brought about the change in leadership was the grace of GOD through our collective faith. When I say collective, that means everyone. The love of GOD was made manifest in the heart of then President Marcos. I vividly remember watching live on television when General Ver bowed towards President Marcos who was seated and with strong persuasive voice advised the use of military force to immediately quell the uprising. It was GOD who softened the president’s heart and made him ignore the drastic action that would have kept him in power. It is the same faith that came upon the strong military forces who were confronted and faced with the love and grace of GOD manifested through faith of the people who went to EDSA with flowers, food and water. It was the fulfillment of CHRIST’s teaching to love the enemy or should I say, perceived enemy.

The sad reality was that immediately after the change in leadership, GOD’s enemy took advantage of the vanity of those who led and actively participated in the uprising by ascribing the triumph in EDSA to the power of the people. The people took the credit and honor that rightfully and solely belonged to GOD.

We’ve been clamoring for a government that shall truly embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace. We barely moved from where we stood before precisely because the declaration in the preamble that we implore the aid of the Almighty GOD was only lip service to many. The truth is that our hearts and minds were not actually in tune with GOD’s will. Thus, the ”People Power Revolution” became a curse.

The key to a prosperous, peaceful, just and humane society is right governance. The Philippine Constitution declares among others that it is a democratic and republican state, sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them. Nevertheless, if we construe this state principle within the context of the preamble of the Constitution and take its meaning by heart, we will realize that the ultimate source of all government authority is not the people but the ALMIGHTY GOD. For we declare that “We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of ALMIGHTY GOD x x x.”

In general, good governance and right governance are used interchangeably in contrast with corrupt, unjust and inefficient governance. The difference between good governance and right governance is in the entity or person to whom it is ultimately intended and for whom it is ascribed. In our democratic and republican government, good governance is ultimately intended for the benefit of the common good and ascribed to the people. Right governance is likewise ultimately intended for the common good, but it is ascribed to HIM whose aid we implore in the preamble of our Constitution in order to build a just and humane society, among others, under the rule of law and the regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality and peace. Again, our preamble reads:

The preamble is a declaration of who we are and of our faith, the society we envision to build, the government we want to establish, the blessings we want to secure, and the parameters within which we are to work and achieve our common end. These serve not only as the reason and purpose in promulgating the Constitution but more importantly, as the individual and collective duty of Filipinos to know by heart, understand in part, and as a whole and, apply them in our lives as the “Filipino Code of Conduct”.

The phrase “We, the sovereign Filipino people” is all inclusive and non-discriminatory i.e., reference is not just to a certain class, clan, gender, age bracket, status, or profession but to all Filipinos as the collective, independent, and supreme author, and power behind the Constitution. The declaration of our sovereignty refers to our self-willed and independent promulgation of the Constitution. This is clear from Section 1 Article II of the Constitution pertaining to the declaration of principles and state policies, to wit: “the Philippines in a democratic and a republican state. Sovereignty resides on the people and all government authority emanates from them.” Thus, while the preamble proudly begins with “We, the sovereign Filipino people”. it is immediately followed with humility as we are dictated by our faith to acknowledge the absolute sovereign LORD and SAVIOR, the real reason why we can declare ourselves as “sovereign Filipino people”, by imploring HIS aid in building the society we envision, establishing the government we want, and securing the blessings we now possess.

From a legal standpoint, the preamble is not a source of right. As stated, however, it contains a declaration about the society we envision to build, the government we want to establish, and the blessings we want to secure. The parameter within which to accomplish these ends are: 1. Regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace; and 2. Rule of Law. Since truth, justice, freedom, love, equality and peace are the traits of the Almighty GOD and HIS SON, our LORD and SAVIOR, JESUS CHRIST, we will refer the forgoing enumerations as Regime of Christ and Rule of Law or “RoC n RoL”, for brevity. The preamble, therefore, is a declaration of our faith to live the Filipino Code of Conduct. From a moral standpoint, it is the source of our duty.

The Filipino Code of Conduct is an act of faith to live under the Regime of Christ and Rule of Law. It is our declared duty as citizens. In 2016, the government under the Duterte administration caught the vision and tried to win the future through economic reforms coupled with the fight against corruption and red tape. The whole of government approach brought us projects and developments for the nation. We saw a bright future ahead. Then came the Pandemic. The government realized the private sector’s cooperation is needed to overcome the Pandemic. Thus, a paradigm shift from whole of government to whole of nation approach. The whole of nation approach is actually the “bayanihan spirit” which is one of the strengths of the Filipinos.

The government already caught the vision and is trying hard to win the future. The time has come to level up to the “ultimate approach” i.e., “the whole of being approach”, for after all, we, the sovereign Filipino people, by faith, are individually and collectively imploring the aid of the Almighty GOD! If we are to be true to our being as Filipinos, we all need to act by faith and do our individual and collective duty to RoC n Rol.

Regime of Christ n Rule of Law

THE ROC N ROL MOVEMENT!

[1] About AmBisyon Natin 2040 – AmBisyon Natin 2040 (neda.gov.ph)

[2] NEDA releases survey results of Ambisyon Natin 2040 – AmBisyon Natin 2040

[3] About AmBisyon Natin 2040 – AmBisyon Natin 2040 (neda.gov.ph)

[4] Ibid

[5] Ibid

[6] Ibid

[7] Ibid

[8] Ibid

[9] Ibid

[10] – Philippine Development Plan (neda.gov.ph)